To what I am certain will be the heartbreaking disappointment of my Neoreactionary readers, this is of a Left Accelerationist tendency.
Now, given the restraints of only having about 15 minutes to speak, I had to summarise what would have been worth taking my time explaining, simplify what is properly approached as complex, skip over points it would have been worth dwelling on, and miss out some stuff completely (most notably, I only name check the CCRU et al). So you'll notice that the focus is on broad themes, rather than fine details.
Any outright inaccuracies are just down to me not doing enough research.
My plan is to use this skeleton as the jumping off point for a later, longer and more detailed piece on the subject. This being said, I'm not sure a single promise I've made about where I'm going to take this blog has actually come about, so don't hold your breath.
I'll include a list of sources I used when researching this at the end of the text.
Finally, thanks to my good friend Rob for the constructive criticism throughout the writing of this.
***
Capitalism is an extraordinary thing.
There has never been a force as productive, innovative or as liberating as
capitalism, a fact well recognised by Marx. Capitalism has chewed up the old
world and transformed the life of humanity: at least, for the most part. The
release of productive energy, both physical and mental, accomplished by
capitalism has unleashed the potential for scientific and technological
development, as well as radical social change, on a global scale. That has never
before been possible.
However, many insist that
capitalism needs to be overthrown, dismantled, fought against and, in a word,
destroyed. Of course, even with the huge gains it has made taken into account,
only a fool would claim that capitalism is by any means perfect. But it would be equally foolish, if not dishonest, to
claim that any of the alternatives we have attempted have worked better. What
if the standard critique of capitalism has been going in the wrong direction by
trying to curtail, diminish, and do away with it? Perhaps we do not need deceleration,
but instead the opposite: that is what accelerationism is all about.
Accelerationism
emerged out of the often esoteric works of Gilles Deleuze, Feliz Guattari and
Jaques Lyotard, as collated, synthesised and remixed by Nick Land, Sadie Plant
and the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit in the 1990s. This peculiar fusion of thinkers,
methods and styles produced a strange and sometimes frightening
reinterpretation of capitalism and its potential to change the world. It held
that the task at hand was not the revolutionary destruction of the market, but
instead its acceleration and evolution. In Deleuze and Guattari’s much quoted
words: ‘Which is the revolutionary path? ... Is there one? To withdraw from the
world market…? Or might it not be to go in the opposite direction? To go still
further…in the movements of the market…not to withdraw from the process, but to
accelerate the process…’
What is this process? For Deleuze
and Guattari, it is the process whereby capitalism decodes and deterritorialises
the flows of production. Now, I’m not sure anyone actually quite knows what that
means (it isn’t exactly uncommon for Continental philosophers to just make up
words and never feel the need to include a glossary), so we will have to take a
moment to unpack these expressions.
I think
they mean exactly what they sound like. They mean the undoing of codes, the
disruption of territories. A code is the form of something, the way something
occurs, a set of instructions (for example, a code of honour). To ‘decode’ means
to undo a code, to abolish or deconstruct a set of instructions. The act of
decoding allows something to take another form, to occur in a different way. A
territory is the location upon which something occurs or by which something is bound.
It is both a limit and a plane of actualisation. Deterritorialisation is the
act by which a plane is undermined and demolished, thus displacing limits and
allowing new potentials for actualisation. In other words: to decode and
deterritorialise simply means to create opportunities for new things to happen,
or for old things to happen in new ways.
Decoding
and deterritorialising. When have these things happened? They happened in this
country. We saw it during the industrial revolution, we saw it during and after
the World Wars, when new realities were forced upon an old society. We saw it
when the edifice of the Soviet state was collapsed by its inability to properly
direct productive forces. We are seeing something similar in China and India.
We see it every time an underdeveloped country is acted upon by the forces of
the world market. We are, globally, on average, freer and with a better chance
of not dying prematurely than we have ever been before: that is a disruption of the prior order. 2015 has far less in
common with 1915 than 1915 had with 1815, and although we must not try to reduce
all of this change down to a single factor, it is supremely foolish to not
recognise the positive impact the breakthrough of market forces has had upon
our world. You might say: it was the utopian ideals of the Enlightenment that
made us freer! It was the downfall of religious superstition that gave us
science! And you are right…but it is only a general increase of wealth, individual
self-determination and opportunities for voluntary association that allowed us
to have those things in the first place.
This is
where we must start to consider accelerationism as a critique of the mainstream
Left. Lyotard makes the claim in his work Libidinal
Economy that ‘…the English unemployed did not become workers to survive,
they…enjoyed the hysterical, masochistic…exhaustion it was of hanging on in the
mines, in the foundries, in the factories…they enjoyed the decomposition of
their personal identity, the identity that the peasant tradition had
constructed for them…’ Cultural theorist Mark Fisher helps us extract something
tangible from this bizarre flurry of prose: which of us, he asks in his essay Terminator vs Avatar, wants to go back
to our existence before the mines, the factories, the foundries? Who really wants to trade in all our
technology and science and security and liberty for a nostalgic existence
moralised and spiritualised as more ‘authentic’, and a community more ‘organic’?
What do these words even mean?
For
an accelerationist, there is only one word for the call to return to an
existence untouched by capitalism, technology and market forces: ‘reactionary’.
We are capitalized. We are
part of the market. Do we really want
to live off of the land again? Although some of us might say yes, most of us
would not. Capitalism was an escape for our ancestors. Yes, they lost the cosy,
‘authentic organicism’ of rural life, but wasn’t that a sacrifice worth making?
Didn’t it liberate them, and us, from the tyranny of living by the seasons,
fearing the next bad harvest? The Russian futurist Nikolai Federov, who called
for the complete mastery of nature by man, considered nostalgia for nature a
mark of someone who lives comfortably outside of its vindictiveness: indeed,
for Federov, the love of nature is tantamount to the love of death. Capitalism
broke us out of nature.
Deleuze and
Guattari consider the origins of capitalism, and wonder why it was that
capitalism happened here, in Europe,
and not in China or the Islamic world. Not because they lacked technical skill:
rather, they suggest, because these were societies that were still too caught
up in themselves. This is perhaps
especially true of Imperial China, with its emphasis on harmony, hierarchy and
serenity. The despotic state was too well developed, too far extended, for the
initial conditions that capitalism appears to need. Capitalism needs a
thousand, thousand things to occur, but perhaps it especially needs disorder
and a desire to push forwards and outwards.
Capitalism creates an explosion of individual
and group desires that are not caught
up in the apparatus of the social order. The market grows to satisfy these
desires, and to create new ones. The result of this is a new way of doing
things that no other socio-economic arrangement has seemed capable of
outcompeting. The world was opened up by capitalism, decoded and
deterritorialised by capitalism, but in the end closed up again by capitalism,
recoded and reterritorialised by capitalism too.
There’s the
rub.
Although
produce no longer goes to the manor house, and fealty is no longer owed to the
lord of the land, new institutions, new codes and territories, have arisen out
of the machinery of the market. The new code is capital itself. The new
territory is the nation state. Production is almost universally routed through
capital. Desire follows the same path, being so caught up in the productive
system that, short of a complete and violent rejection of it (which I maintain
is a primitivist gesture par excellence),
the two are almost identical. This has had the effect of blinding us to the
sheer possibilities of what is already at hand. We seem peculiarly incapable of
recognising the potential of the technology that capitalism has given us.
Consider Facebook: doesn’t it in many ways fulfil the utopian ambition of being
able to converse with other, like-minded people instantaneously, irrespective
of borders or geography? And yet, even though this could be a powerful tool for collaborating on projects in a way
that is international, almost post-national, our use of it presently is best described
as ‘uninspired.’
I feel that
this is true of all our technology. The feminist Shulamith Firestone summed up
our lack of imagination well when she imagines a scientist saying: ‘Dear, I
discovered how to clone people at the lab today. Now we can go skiing in
Aspen.’ Our energy, our productivity and our imagination is primarily directed
towards the narrow aims of the market, curtailing the possibility of exploring
new forms of innovation, new projects, new ways of being.
It is here
where we must distinguish between left-and right-accelerationism. Right-accelerationism,
which is closely aligned with the techno-commercialist wing of Neoreaction, calls
for the acceleration of capitalism itself, for the indefinite expansion of the
marketplace, replacing even the functions of government itself. It holds that
the productive potential within capitalism can only occur in the capitalist
form, and that this form will continue to outcompete all opposition, consuming
whatever is left of the commons. Left-accelerationism instead seeks something
different: it seeks to rediscover those decoding and deterritorialising
tendencies that tore apart feudalism, and to turn them against capitalism
itself.
This must
not be the same as previously attempted forms of revolutionary socialism. The
revolutionary event, if it is to take firm hold of a society, must rely on
political Terror, in either an extreme and sudden form, or else in the form of
a persistent feeling of dread: the history of the Soviet Union and China give
us ready examples of both methods. The result of these centrally planned
alternatives to the market were only ever variations of what Nick Land described
as ‘Platonic-Fascist top down solutions that always screw up viciously.’ The
work of rediscovering what was and is innovative, transformative and liberating
within capitalism must occur within
capitalism. We must build upon what is here now, and not in the form of
piecemeal, socially democratic reformism- this project must be radical, it must
be different. But it cannot be as dramatically divorced from reality as past
attempts have been. The task at hand is to work with the already existing forces of production and desire, not
against them, to push production and desire beyond capitalism’s boundaries, to
rediscover the urge to go forwards and outwards.
If the Left
wants to be a real force for change, it needs to upgrade.
To quote the Manifesto for an Accelerationist Politics by Alex Williams and Nick
Srnicek: ‘The habitual tactics of marching, holding signs, and establishing
temporary autonomous zones risk becoming comforting substitutions for effective
success. “At least we’re doing something” is the rallying cry of those who
privilege self-esteem rather than effective action. The only criterion of a
good tactic is whether it enables significant success or not.’ Williams and
Srnicek, perhaps deliberately, recall the moto the Chinese Communist Party
deployed during the shift from top-down central planning to their current
market economy: ‘Practice is the Sole Criterion for Testing Truth.’
The accelerationist Benedict
Singleton describes the mechanism of a trap: a trap is something that turns the
characteristics of something against it - the rabbits struggle to escape only
tightens the snare. That is a model for us to explore. We must learn to set
traps for desire, for self-interest, for competition, production, and capital,
to turn them to different ends. Reorientation is as important as acceleration.
Experiment. Communicate. Network.
Above all: learn. Learn how to
analyse the movements and fluctuations of the market. Learn how to make use of
the technology already available to us in new ways, ways its creators did not
intend or even envisage. Learn new ways of being together with both your allies
and your opponents. Learn what capitalism does right, what it does wrong, and
where the possible schizes between these things lie. Learn where the Left has
failed, and why. Learn, and prepare for a future that will not resemble the
past. Acceleration is inevitable, the question is can we avoid crashing and reach
escape velocity? In the words of Deleuze and Guattari: ‘in this matter, the
truth is that we haven’t seen anything yet.’
References
- Anti-Oedipus by Gilles Deleuze & Felix Guattari, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane (Bloomsbury Acedemic, 2013, London & New York)
- The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Federov and his Followers by George Young (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012)
- 'Libidinal Economy (extract)' by Jaques Lyotard; 'Terminator vs Avatar' by Mark Fisher; 'The Two Modes of Cultural History' by Shulamith Firestone; 'Manifesto for an Accelerationist Politics' by Alex Williams and Nick Srnicek; 'Maximum Jailbreak' by Benedict Singleton are all collected in #Accelerate: the accelerationist reader edited by Robin Mackay & Armen Avanessian (Urbanomic, 2014, Falmouth)
- 'Meltdown' by Nick Land is collected in Fanged Noumena, Collected Writings 1987-2007 by Nick Land, ed. by Robin Mackay & Ray Brassier (Urbanomic & Sequence Press, Falmouth & New York, 2014)
- http://deontologistics.tumblr.com/post/91953882443/so-accelerationism-whats-all-that-about
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